The cause was Parkinson\u2019s disease, said Jeanne Fuchs, her longtime friend and executor.
From 1957, when Swope was invited by Jerome Robbins to shoot rehearsals of \u201cWest Side Story,\u201d to 1994, when she shut down her Times Square studio and sold her archive, Swope produced hundreds of thousands of images of performers in action, capturing Gelsey Kirkland and Mikhail Baryshnikov in full flight, the cast of \u201cLa Cage aux Folles\u201d in full drag and John Travolta in full Saturday night fever.
Those photographs made their way into newspapers (the arts pages of The New York Times frequently featured her work), magazines and books. They decorated sales brochures, posters and programs.
And they eventually garnered her a Tony Honor for Excellence in Theater in 2004 and a lifetime achievement award from the League of Professional Theater Women in 2007.
As official photographer first for New York City Ballet and then for an honor roll of other dance troupes, Swope chronicled the working lives of George Balanchine, Martha Graham, Robbins and other key figures in 20th-century dance. At the same time, she was what Variety called \u201cthe go-to photog\u201d for New York\u2019s theater industry, documenting more than 800 productions.
Whether Swope was posing clients in her studio or capturing their live performances, whether on assignment for a publication, a dance company or a theater producer, her stated aim was to make a straightforward record of the artistry before her lens.
\u201cI\u2019m not interested in what\u2019s going on my side of the camera,\u201d she told an interviewer. \u201cI\u2019m interested in what\u2019s happening on the other side.\u201d
She took ballet lovers into the studio with Balanchine and Igor Stravinsky as they worked with the dancers on \u201cAgon.\u201d She was backstage as Baryshnikov and Liza Minnelli prepared their television special. And she brought Irene Worth and Kevin Spacey squabbling in \u201cLost in Yonkers,\u201d Gwen Verdon and Chita Rivera vamping in \u201cChicago\u201d and Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton canoodling in \u201cPrivate Lives\u201d to those who couldn\u2019t buy tickets.
Swope never revealed her age, even to intimates, who laugh about how often they tried unsuccessfully to find out, looking for her passport in a purse left briefly unattended on a trip, or searching her apartment for clues while feeding her cats.
Martha Joan Swope was, in fact, born on Feb. 22, 1928, in Waco, Texas. It was Washington\u2019s Birthday, and, Swope told friends, her parents, John Swope and the former Nellie Clark, named her for Martha Washington.
Even as a girl, she carried a little camera wherever she went. But her real passion was dance.
After a year at Baylor University in Waco, she was accepted at City Ballet\u2019s training affiliate, the School of American Ballet. She left Texas to pursue a dance career \u2013 setting out, she recalled, with 17 hats and \u201cvisions of going to cocktail parties and meeting all those West Pointers.\u201d
Instead she met Robbins, who had returned to ballet class to get into shape for directing and choreographing \u201cWest Side Story.\u201d An amateur photographer, he offered his fellow shutterbug the use of his darkroom, and then, when rehearsals began, he invited her to bring her camera.
One of her pictures appeared in Life magazine, and her photography career took off.
\u201cI didn\u2019t even know what an interchangeable lens was, or a Leica,\u201d she once recalled. But she was still hoping to become a dancer when Lincoln Kirstein, who ran the school and was general director of City Ballet, pulled her out of class one day to offer her a job recording the company\u2019s work in pictures. She shelved her toe shoes.
Her routine was to attend rehearsals to become familiar with the choreography. She would then shoot the dress rehearsals for each cast, typically arranging her lanky frame in ballet\u2019s fourth position, leaning back on her rear leg and switching between wide-angle and close-up lenses.
Sometimes \u2013 but only if she had to \u2013 she loaded a third camera with color film. She also took pictures, as unobtrusively as possible, at performances. Such sessions could yield as many as 300 negatives of a single work. But those that left her darkroom were the ones in which every toe, every fingertip was properly positioned, and dance and dancers looked flawless.
Delia Peters, a friend who danced with City Ballet, said in an interview: \u201cHaving been a dancer, she understood the timing. She understood what they were going to do, she understood where the pictures were going to be.\u201d
Swope\u2019s career began as technical advances and evolving tastes changed the way dance and theater performances could be photographed. Previously, slow shutter and film speeds had made it impractical to shoot dancers and actors unless they were prettily posed and carefully lighted in a studio.
Swope was able to catch them animated and sweaty and laboring onstage or in rehearsal. But she also pioneered the now commonplace practice of distilling the essence of a drama or musical by posing the performers tellingly and shooting them in close-up.
By 1978, she was photographing 60 to 70 percent of the Broadway roster, working out of the apartment below her own on West 72nd Street and using the bathroom as the darkroom.
Actors and producers valued not just her canny eye and instinct for flattery but also her ability to work swiftly and calmly. With her gentle temperament and Southern manners, Swope managed to get cranky, tired actors to do what she wanted without seeming bossy.
Back then, publicity photographs were printed from negatives one at a time for hand delivery to newspapers and magazines. Swope and her assistants regularly worked through the night preparing them for distribution the next morning.
\u201cShe was an incredible teacher,\u201d said Carol Rosegg, one of several dance and theater photographers who learned their craft assisting Swope and then became her competition. \u201cAnd she was a master retoucher. In those days you would sit with a single-edge razor blade scratching out wrinkles one at a time.\u201d
In 1980, Swope moved her studio to a large storefront space in the midtown complex Manhattan Plaza, taking an apartment there as well. By the time she retired and gave away her cameras, the studio contained more than 1 million images, which she sold to Time and Life Pictures.
But the deal ended in acrimony and litigation, and she regained possession of her archive in an out-of-court settlement in 2002. In 2010 she donated her life\u2019s work \u2013 contact sheets, negatives, prints, slides and digital files \u2013 to the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. A selection of her photos was exhibited at the library for four months beginning in fall 2012.
She is survived by two nieces, a nephew and a great-niece.
Swope\u2019s legacy was important to her, and she was determined not to separate her dance and theater images. She had hoped to compile a volume surveying them together, but she never found a taker. The closest she came to marrying her two worlds in one book was \u201cBaryshnikov on Broadway: Photographs,\u201d which documented the dancer\u2019s acclaimed 1980 television special.
Other books for which she provided photographs include Tanaquil Le Clercq\u2019s \u201cMourka: The Autobiography of a Cat,\u201d Kenneth Laws\u2019 \u201cPhysics and the Art of Dance\u201d and Denny Martin Flinn\u2019s \u201cWhat They Did for Love: The Untold Story Behind the Making of \u2018A Chorus Line.\u2019\u201d
Her friends remember an enthusiastic, card-playing traveler who loved animals and jigsaw puzzles. But Swope\u2019s photographs will outlive those memories. They are in dozens of other dance and theater books, and they regularly pop up in web searches for graying Broadway actors or bygone ballet stars. They also reappear as her subjects die or when a reference to show business history needs to be illustrated. Only last month, a dramatic Martha Swope photograph appeared in The Times with an article about the 35th anniversary of \u201cDreamgirls.\u201d<\/p>\n