A decade on from the BBC\u2019s landmark series Planet Earth, a ground breaking new sequel has arrived \u2013 Planet Earth II \u2013 promising to match the qualities that entered its predecessor into the pantheon of television: stunning imagery, crafted storytelling and fresh perspective, all in equal measure.
The natural world\u2019s resident expert David Attenborough has, so far, guided the audience through a triptych of nature. Three episodes in, the show has reached its midpoint with no frontier off-limits; islands, mountain peaks and jungles have been explored, offering moments of stillness and bouts of rage through scenes of courtship, confrontation and controversy. At the halfway mark, what have we learned?
We live in an age where social media creates a collective viewing experience for audiences, allowing them to share their reactions and emotions to television\u2019s most dramatic moments in realtime. Planet Earth II\u2019s first three episodes make it clear that Attenborough and his producers have upped the ante to reflect this.
Take Episode One. We are flown to Fernandina, a remote, volcanically active island sitting within the Galapagos archipelago of the Pacific. Home to the marine iguana, a peculiar sea-going reptile which \u201ccan dive to 30 metres and hold its breath for half an hour\u201d, viewers are presented with an insider\u2019s view of what appears to be a relatively quiet, idyllic island life for the iguanas.
Moments later, however, we learn that the iguana hatchlings emerging from eggs buried under the sand are vulnerable and under threat in the immediate moments of their lives. Racer snakes lie in wait for the younglings to surface, and what follows is footage with all the hallmarks of a multi-million dollar Hollywood thriller. A life and death chase sequence, a musical score that could easily find itself at home on a Christopher Nolan film, a satisfying ending.
In Episode Two, Nubian ibexes \u2013 desert goats adapted to traverse the razor thin cliff edges of mountains in the Arabian Peninsula \u2013 find themselves on the precipice of defeat when red foxes appear to hunt them. Using their \u201csoft cloven hooves\u201d to navigate the mountain face and dispersal tactics to confound the foxes, the ibexes give viewers a glimpse at a day-to-day game of survival, a snapshot of an experience that at once seems otherworldly yet familiar enough for viewers to awe and empathise. The outpour of emotion on social media to these scenes is a testament to the producers\u2019 awareness of what audiences inhabiting digital spaces will most appreciate.
The series has not been without controversy. Early on in Episode Two, we are shown breathtaking scenes of a golden eagle soaring above the Alps. Known to be able to dive up to 200mph, viewers were treated with a dizzying look at the eagle\u2019s perspective while flying and diving, its journey ending when it is seen to feast on a dead fox upon landing. It has been a standout moment from the series\u2019 first half, and judging by the reactions online, it has been one that demonstrates the growth of the series from 2006.
However, following a footnote in the diary of that episode explaining that a paraglider was used to recreate and simulate the view of the eagle, along with a post-episode note about the employment of a trained and tamed eagle named Slovak , claims of fakery have been made. These accusations echo the outrage over newborn polar bear footage \u2013 filmed in an animal park rather than the wild \u2013 in Attenborough’s 2011 series, Frozen Planet.
But to say that this ruins the show is a claim that would rob documentary filmmakers of the artistry of their craft. In order to capture the most illuminating of moments, particularly in nature documentaries, a range of techniques must be employed. Timelapses in Episode Three speed up the opening of flowers, and slow motion allows the capture of the most intricate details of animal gait and motion. Golden eagles fly above the Alps, and a view of flying above the Alps is what we were given. These are merely tools of a filmmaker effectively used to provide an experience, to capture the imagination of its audience, not to stain the authenticity of the documentary.
These snapshots of life on islands and mountains have also received criticism due to the loose ties between clips, a lack of a clear narrative arc within each episode, and \u201cfake\u201d sound effects. But it can be argued that this works in favour of the series, for what it perhaps lacks in a linear narrative, it certainly makes up for in terms of mood and tone. The sound effects work to add to this mood.
Aided by advancements in cinematography, the lush, ultra high-definition images of side-stepping lemurs in Madagascar to the warring Komodo dragons of Indonesia turn each episode into a stunning, highly-curated profile of islands, jungles, mountains \u2013 almost akin to the enhanced authenticity of a heavily invested-in Instagram account. The behind-the-scenes \u201cdiary\u201d clips ending each episode, then, are more like Snapchat moments, providing raw, unfiltered, intimate looks at the making of Planet Earth II.
Attenborough\u2019s work is an international treasure, and the latest series does nothing but add to the grandeur and spectacle that he has captured from a career deep in the field. As creatures of capturing our lives in a chaotic manner, then enhancing and curating them on social media, audiences should cut him some slack.
For those millions of Americans who believe the best way to make a fine day even finer is to go out and kill something, what better preparation than a visit to the store named Cabela\u2019s? There are eighty-odd of these monster emporiums dotted around the United States, all peddling in enormous volume the necessaries for hunting and fishing and what we are led to think is the manly outdoor life.
Each is designed as a tourist destination \u2013 a Disneyland of death, a place of spectacle for the kiddies, or pleasing shock and awe for those with money and a lust for blood. At each store, an immense fibreglass Matterhorn dominates the sales floor, Styrofoam snow at the summit and lush plastic savannahs at the base, with stuffed elks and bison and pronghorn antelopes placed at the relative altitudes where they would have lived and been shot by skilled hunters. Behind the immense glass walls of the \u00adCabela\u2019s aquariums swim fish from sharks to salmon to sticklebacks, all waiting for the Cabela\u2019s hook and the Cabela\u2019s fly and the life-ending thud of a Cabela\u2019s killing club.
Yet these are as nothing compared to the gun department at a Cabela\u2019s and to the teak-and-leather-armchair comfort of the stores\u2019 gun libraries. Here, you may purchase sufficient firepower to bring down a large stag or moose or grizzly bear, or else to wipe out a village, or a school, or the audience at a cinema, or the congregation in a church. A quick swipe of a credit card; then a swift pull of the trigger: everything in the gun world is so dismayingly quick.
The only snag is the pesky little matter of regulation. Recently I was at the Cabela\u2019s in Rapid City, South Dakota, and felt suitably in awe of the rack upon rack of high-powered, action-man automatic rifles standing erect behind the counters. Eager young sales clerks swarmed towards me, toothsome smiles at the ready.
Experimentally, I asked: \u201cHow much for that one?\u201d I pointed at a black Bushmaster AR-15, .223 calibre, the gun that was deployed to such murderous disadvantage in San Bernardino in December last year. The nice young man looked at the label: $700 and change with tax, he said. \u201cJust what do I need to buy one?\u201d I asked. \u201cCredit card and driver\u2019s licence \u2013 and about 15 minutes of your time while we run a quick check.\u201d
He took my Amex card and smiled. A clerk took down the rifle. The first man took my licence, still smiling. Then he turned it over. His smile vanished.
\u201cGoddam it!\u201d he cried. \u201cMassachusetts!\u201d Now he was sore, irritated at losing the sale. \u201cNo way you\u2019ll get approval with that. It\u2019ll take at least two weeks, if at all. Darn. I thought you were from here.\u201d His friend, cussedly putting the Bushmaster back on to its rack, spat out the word once again: \u201cMassachusetts. Guess you must be some kind of communist?\u201d
This year, and up to the day I am writing this, in mid-November, 12,871 men, women and children have died in the United States from gunshot wounds. Another 30,000 have been injured. Helping to create this battlescape of carnage was a handful of the 300 million guns \u2013 from tiny, single-shot Derringers to huge automatic weapons \u2013 that are privately owned, or bought legally from retailers such as Cabela\u2019s, or else acquired illicitly in the shadowy undermarkets, and which help make America, this otherwise generous, good-hearted, \u00adforward-thinking, energetic, entrepreneurial, positive-minded and much-envied nation, the undisputed gun and gun-death headquarters of the world.
Gary Younge\u2019s eloquently terrible book of reportage Another Day in the Death of America , by turns measured and wise and coldly furious, tells the stories of ten youngsters who died at the muzzle end of guns in America over the course of one randomly chosen day three years ago, Saturday 23 November 2013. The youngest victim was nine years old, the oldest 19. All were boys. Seven were black, two Hispanic, one white. Some were assassinated. Some died accidentally \u2013 one was showing a rifle to his friend while playing a video game, and didn\u2019t know that his father (who did a year in prison for his carelessness) had left three shells in the chamber.
Another, a 16-year-old boy in Houston called Edwin Rajo, died when, as he and his best friend, a teenage girl called Camilla, were fooling around with a pistol, she put it to his chest and pulled the trigger. Playfully, he had told her: \u201cMake out like you\u2019re gonna shoot me.\u201d
They assumed that because the clip was out the gun was empty . \u201cI didn\u2019t really know how to clear out the chamber,\u201d says Camilla. \u201cI didn\u2019t really know it would go in there. Because it was my first gun.\u201d She pressed it against his chest and pulled the trigger. Pop. Then silence. Edwin\u2019s eyes widened in shock and pain; Camilla\u2019s eyes widened in disbelief as she felt the gun recoil. \u201cOh shit, you shot me,\u201d he said.
\u201cOh, sorry,\u201d said Camilla. They stared at each other in a suspended moment, each realising they could not turn the clock back and that Edwin had little time left. \u201cI picked him up to carry him downstairs. But when I looked at him his eyes were rolling back already,\u201d says Camilla. \u201cBasically he was already dying.\u201d
The youngsters had been planning to go and see a litter of puppies in an adjoining block of abandoned flats. The pleasing banality of their Saturday intent had morphed into the wretched banality of a new statistic, personified by the ghastly ordinariness of Camilla\u2019s reaction: \u201cOh, sorry.\u201d Another killing so easily accomplished, another ten seconds on the nightly news, another shooting so quickly done, another life of promise so quickly undone.
Younge relates his chosen Saturday stories with the steady, near-clinical detachment that has helped make his 12 years of writing for the Guardian some of the best reportage from America in decades. That he has since returned with his young family to his native Britain robs this most troubled society of one of its most acutely needed observers, and he will be missed. His book, however, is a memorable valedictory.
Pamela Haag and Laura Trevelyan complement and complete Younge\u2019s story, by examining the other, very different end: that of the businesses which manufacture the weapons, those beautiful, precise and now eminently affordable pieces of machinery that make the bloodletting so casually easy and so horrendously abundant. Both books concentrate on the establishment of what is lazily referred to as America\u2019s \u201cgun culture\u201d, and specifically on the role played in the creation of that culture by the once-iconic, now near-defunct Winchester Repeating Arms Company of New Haven, Connecticut.
Trevelyan, a BBC journalist, is related to the firm\u2019s founder, a former shirtmaker named Oliver Winchester (her pedigree is impeccable, as she is also kin to the historian G M Trevelyan), and her perspective in constructing this readable account of the family firm is necessarily somewhat personal and circumscribed. Haag, on the other hand, takes a more rigorous and academic approach, attempting to divine, by close scrutiny of Winchester company records as well as papers from the other big gunmakers Colt, Remington and Smith & Wesson, just how America has become so gun-hungry.
Is it because of an inherent aspect of the people: are Americans somehow different from the rest of the Earth\u2019s inhabitants, and so given naturally to violence and impulsive combativeness? A century ago the historian Frederick Jackson Turner supposed this to be true, coining the so-called frontier thesis, which argued that the ever-westward movement of the early settlers, who pushed their way into uncolonised territory and dealt brutally with those who stood in their way, instilled in the national psyche a set of defining attitudes \u2013 violence and crudeness foremost among them \u2013 which obtain until today. Turner\u2019s thesis has long since been discredited by more sober historians; but the bewildered many who wonder still why Americans have this lethal love affair with weaponry find in the \u201cfrontier thesis\u201d an easy explanation.
Haag offers another rationale: it\u2019s all a matter, to put it simply, of business. The big gun manufacturers, she writes, attached no special significance to the murderous nature of their products. They merely wanted \u2013 just as sewing-machine-makers and carmakers wanted \u2013 to sell as many of them as they could. And so, for decades, the likes of Winchester made guns efficiently and cheaply, they advertised them on every available billboard and in every available newspaper and magazine, and they relentlessly marketed their goods to specific sectors of the populace \u2013 safari-goers this day, pubescent boy-hunters the next day, frightened homebodies another; arms collectors this week, target-shooters the next \u2013 in pursuit of success, profit and commercial dominance. The arms-maker, we learn, \u201cdoes not see himself as a villain. .. According to his lights he is simply a businessman who sells his wares in accordance with prevailing business practices. The uses to which his products are put and the results of his traffic are apparently of no concern. . .\u201d
Yet there is a difference, one that allows gunmakers to occupy a unique place in American commerce. Ford, Chevrolet and Chrysler \u2013 likewise manufacturers of potentially lethal machines, after all \u2013 may have the same commercial ambition as do Winchester and Colt, but they are quite content to accept regulation, with the safety standards of their products required and enforced, the users of their products needing to be licensed, and their failures prosecuted. In stark contrast, little such regulation applies to gunmakers; and the ever-defiant, astonishingly powerful National Rifle Association, financed by the firearms industry, makes sure this remains so. The merest hint of regulatory interference brings down a fire of wrath that the stoutest congressman is reluctant to confront.
Now, with the election of Donald Trump \u2013 whose campaign was supported wholeheartedly by the NRA \u2013 this vast power of the US gun industry is being further consolidated. Given the fractious nature of the country, the fractious temper of the times, and what is certain to be the increasingly untrammelled availability of ever more powerful weaponry, expect yet more killings, yet more sadness and yet more pain.
And expect to hear ever more of the forgettable banalities that Gary Younge so perfectly captures: \u201cOh shit, you shot me\u201d and its consequent rejoinder, \u201cOh, sorry.\u201d
Simon Winchester\u2019s books include \u201cThe Men Who United the States\u201d (William Collins)
\u201cAnother Day in the Death of America: 24 Hours. 8 States. 10 Young Lives Lost to Gun Violence\u201d by Gary Younge is published by Guardian Faber (306pp, \u00a316.99)
\u201cThe Gunning of America: Business and the Making of American Gun Culture\u201d by Pamela Haag is published by Basic Books (496pp, \u00a320)
\u201cThe Winchester: Legend of the West\u201d by Laura Trevelyan is published by I B Tauris (242pp, \u00a320)
Gary Younge will appear at the Cambridge Literary Festival, in association with the New Statesman, on 26 November<\/p>\n

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