January 24, 2017
Los Angeles \u2014 After two consecutive seasons, the whiteout plaguing the Academy Awards has ended.
Tuesday dawned in Hollywood with diversity at center stage, as this year\u2019s Oscar nominations recognized a range of stories and faces that for two years had been conspicuously absent. People of color punctuated every category from Best Picture to cinematography, reflecting what some see as a response to the online outcry of #OscarsSoWhite.
\u201cIt\u2019s a watershed in a lot of ways, not just in front of the camera but also behind the camera,\u201d says Russell Williams, a professor of film and media arts at American University in Washington who has won two Academy Awards for his work in sound production.
\u201cThere\u2019s no two ways about it,\u201d he says, \u201cthe Academy was very sensitive to, I think, the criticism that the two years of #OscarsSoWhite generated.\u201d
This year\u2019s nominees also speak to what some critics hope is a broader, more long-term effort to close the gap between Hollywood\u2019s vision of itself as a bastion of multiculturalism, and the lack of diversity that has long hounded the industry. The seven minority actors nominated tie the record set in 2007. But some culture watchers say that the behind-the-scenes nominations, such as Kimberly Steward’s for producing «Manchester by the Sea,» may be even more important \u2013 both for long-term diversity and increasing the variety of stories told.
Against a backdrop of nationwide racial unrest and divisive political rhetoric, prominent figures like Oscar winner Meryl Streep have used awards shows as opportunities to express the industry\u2019s commitment to diverse communities and their stories. But such pronouncements have also served to highlight a less ideal reality: that people of color, women, and other minority groups are still underrepresented in Hollywood.
\u201cThere\u2019s almost a contradiction,\u201d says Darnell Hunt, director of the Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. \u201cHollywood is composed of people who are individually quite progressive and liberal in many of their outlooks, but are part of an industry that is largely white and male.\u201d
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Movies, like all fiction, reflect artistic idealism and the heights of a society\u2019s aspiration and imagination. It\u2019s no surprise, then, that those in the industry tend to want to embody idealistic \u2013 and often liberal \u2013 values, says Anthony Harkins, a professor of history at Western Kentucky University who specializes in US popular culture.
\u201cMy sense is the Academy, the bureaucracy, the infrastructure, the artist communities, certainly very much want to present themselves as inclusive, diverse, and open to all audiences,\u201d he says.
And to the degree that Hollywood has succeeded in doing so, Professor Harkins adds, lives are changed.
Professor Williams \u2013 whose own Hollywood career spans 30 years and more than 50 films \u2013 says he became a sound mixer after learning Quincy Jones did the score for 1967\u2019s \u201cIn the Heat of the Night.\u201d
\u201cHere I am, taking music, loving and learning jazz, and I see they trusted the score [of this film] to an African-American,\u201d Williams says. \u201cBlack people working behind the camera? For me that was a revelation.\u201d
By 1991, Williams had won two Oscars for Best Sound, for his work on the films \u201cGlory\u201d and \u201cDancing With Wolves.\u201d
Yet stories like Williams\u2019s come up against Hollywood\u2019s long history of excluding women and minorities: from the use of blackface in 1927\u2019s \u201cThe Jazz Singer\u201d all the way to the casting of white actors like Scarlett Johansson in roles originally written for Asians.
The trouble stems in large part from the pale, male majority at the top of the entertainment food chain, Professor Hunt says. In 2015, white men made up nearly 88 percent of executive staff in Hollywood\u2019s top talent agencies, which represent a majority of film directors, writers, and actors.
Such homogeneity affects the kinds of stories that get told, who tells them, and how, he says.
Indeed, in 2014, women and minorities made up less than one third of characters with speaking lines in major films and TV shows. The same year, minorities made up 12.9 percent and women 4.3 percent of directors in 163 films examined.
\u201cArt is not an objective thing,\u201d Hunt says. Technical criteria aside, \u201cit\u2019s subjective, it\u2019s based on experience. [Decisionmakers] will relate to certain types of experiences, and that shapes what types of projects they will likely get behind and support.\u201d
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The good news, critics say, is that this year\u2019s Oscar nominees present the array of Hollywood\u2019s talent like never before.
Four of the nine films proposed for Best Picture tell stories of diversity. The supporting actor and actress categories are graced by the likes of Mahershala Ali, Dev Patel, Naomie Harris, and Octavia Spencer. Though the races for leading roles remain heavily white, Irish-Ethiopian actress Ruth Negga received a nod for her performance in \u201cLoving,\u201d and Denzel Washington collected his fifth nomination in the category.
The Academy also acknowledged people of color behind the scenes.
Barry Jenkins was recognized for both directing and adapting the screenplay for \u201cMoonlight,\u201d which follows a young black man through his struggle with race and gender identity. Bradford Young became the first black American to be nominated for the cinematography category for his work on the science-fiction film, \u201cArrival.\u201d
And it\u2019s more than just the total numbers \u2013 it’s the fact that the nominees are from a wide variety of films. In addition to \u201cMoonlight,\u201d \u201cHidden Figures,\u201d a critical and box-office hit, celebrates the unsung contributions of three black women to the American space mission in the 1960s. \u201cFences,\u201d adapted from August Wilson’s 1983 play, is about a sanitation worker who wrestles with a lost chance at a baseball career because he was too old when the major leagues opened up to black players.
\u201c[A]side from their shared racial demographics, these films tell very different kinds of stories,\u201d Slate\u2019s Aisha Harris writes . \u201c[T]here’s diversity of storytelling, too.\u201d
In the same vein, Williams credits Mr. Young for being recognized purely for his craft and not for telling a story that was about a specific community or history.
\u201cIn my career, I wasn\u2019t always looking for films that had entirely black casts or subject matter. I wanted to prove that I was a craftsperson; that if you needed sound on your movie or TV show, you would call me,\u201d Williams says. \u201cI think it\u2019s even more of an achievement that [Young\u2019s] name is up there with some of the best cinematographers in the world.\u201d
The documentary feature category was made up almost entirely of people of color, including Ava DuVernay (\u201c13th\u201d), who is the first black woman nominated in that category.
As heartening as they say this slate of nominees is, however, industry critics are only cautiously optimistic. The Academy\u2019s decision to invite more diverse members into its circle is a step in the right direction, Hunt says, and the consistent discourse about diversity in film and television has spurred this year\u2019s about-face.
But, he says, only time will tell if the change is lasting.
\u201cWe\u2019ve got to keep this issue on the front burner,\u201d he says.
\u201cI\u2019m hoping that the list of winners will be equally as diverse as the nominations,\u201d Williams adds. \u201cOr else we\u2019re going to have another hashtag.\u201d<\/p>\n

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